Saturday, Mar 8, 2014 3:00 PM UTC 35 countries where the U.S. Peter Dale Scott August 17, 2008. Recently I published two articles pointing to suggestive similarities between the recurring deep events in recent American history. Jeb Bush and the 1986 Murder of CIA Drug Smuggler Barry Seal - posted in Political Conspiracies: Did Jeb Bush, VP George Herbert Walker Bush and Oliver North Murder. Drugs and Drug Policy in Canada: (This study was prepared for Senator Pierre Claude Nolin as a background. June 1. 99. 9 motion to have Canada's Senate conduct a thorough. Canadian drug law and policy - Canadian Foundation for Drug Policy). Drugs and Drug Policy in Canada: A Brief Review & Commentary. Diane Riley, Ph. D*November, 1. The prosecution of thousands of otherwise law- abiding citizens. Raymond Kendall, Secretary General of Interpol). Introduction. An Overview of the Issues. In a year which marks the tenth anniversary of the Vienna Convention. Universal Declaration. Human Rights, it is appropriate to reflect on the state of the global. Canada. Every decade the United. Nations reaches new international agreements, focused largely on criminalization. In the name of compliance with these. Yet in spite of - - or perhaps because. UN agencies estimate the annual revenue generated. US4. 00 billion, or the equivalent of roughly. This industry has fueled organized. These drug- related. In the name of the War against Drugs, human. Scarce resources better spent on health, education and economic. Sensible. proposals to reduce drug- related crime, disease and death are abandoned. The Implementation of Treaties in Canada. In Canada, the legislative branch (that is, Parliament and the provincial legislative assemblies) have sole jurisdiction to.Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization. Spanish pdf, 1.86Mb; absolute alcohol Ethanol containing not more than 1% by mass of water. The War against Drugs has become a War against Drug. Users and against those farmers, often the world. This war is more akin to a Crusade, in which there. Indeed, our obligations to overarching national. Rather than demonstrating the tolerance. Canada. has turned hundreds of thousands its citizens into criminals and put many. Incarcerating people. While the real. drug . Ironically, these very laws give rise to more problems. Instead. of looking for policies that might minimize the harm of all psychoactive. Canada has created a black market. Money that could be far better spent in dealing with real. The active support for prohibition. Canada and the United States is destabilizing to developing. Central and Eastern. Europe. More than 4. HIV infections in Canada and the United States are related. This percentage is increasing at an alarming. Canada, as elsewhere; Vancouver has the highest incidence rate. HIV in injection users in the Western world. Globally, injection drug. HIV infection. Prohibitionist attitudes. HIV and other deadly pathogens not only among users but among the general. These attitudes prevent the opening of safe injecting. There have been more than 3. Vancouver this year, more than 2. Frankfurt where comprehensive harm reduction programs have been. Still, despite. finally acknowledging that drug use in prisons is widespread, authorities. AIDS and hepatitis in prisons. HIV. rates in Canadian prisons are ten times those in the general population. HIV. and 5. 0% with hepatitis C, a disease spread by injection and a marker for. HIV. The ancient Greek word for scapegoat, . The rest of this paper. In short, one reason. Canada is obliged to do as it does because. But, as we shall. Canadian law, but also they. Canada. Total. prohibition, in which all offences are strictly penalized, is sometimes. Total prohibition with an expediency principle. Netherlands with respect to cannabis. Often referred to as . In such a system, fines may be imposed. In Canada, federal regulations would allow for the. One model for this is often called. Another, less popular. By 1. 90. 8, all medicines. In the same. year, the Opium Act created the first drug prohibition. Other opiates and. Opium and Drug Act of 1. Anti- alcohol groups gained support during the first two. First World War. By 1. Prince. Edward Island had rescinded alcohol prohibition and imposed regulation. The Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1. Canada's. main instrument of drug policy for the next 4. International drug. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1. Canada. was a signatory, have further reinforced the artificial division between. Despite these costs, the prohibition of illicit drug possession. Canada. Rates of use. The strain on the courts, and the rising numbers. Canada's. drug laws. The Commission of Inquiry in the Non- Medical Use of Drugs (generally. Le Dain Commission) was formed in 1. The Le Dain Commission. Social costs include the costs of law enforcement. Individual consequences. A trail of. information automatically begins when a suspect is arrested. The arresting. officer, the local police station, the RCMP police information system in. Ottawa, the prosecutor, the drug analysts and the courts involved all generate. This information may also be. Once the accused appears in court, the charge becomes a matter. There are reciprocal. Even if. a charge is dropped or the accused is acquitted, he or she has no legal. The. existence of a criminal record can result in the police laying a charge. It can also influence a sentencing decision or granting. Entry into Canada or other countries may be denied, or a landed. Many. jobs in the federal and provincial governments can be denied to persons. Under special provisions of old. Canada has broader powers. There are also enforcement methods. The use of wiretaps, paid informants, undercover agents. These. powers have been expanded under the new drug law to include what is called. The majority of the commissioners recommended a gradual withdrawal. The Le Dain Commission served the role of most Royal Commissions. Interest in reform of drug policy gradually declined. Amendments to the Criminal Code in the early. Attempts to reduce the consequences of. A bill which would have decriminalized. Bill S- 1. 9) was introduced but was defeated in 1. It was apparent that the previous government. The Non- Medical Use of Drugs Directorate (NMUDD) of National. Health and Welfare Canada was formed and an integrated national approach. After the initial concern over illicit drug use. NMUDD was re- organized as the Health Promotion Directorate. The shift to. a health promotion paradigm, however, had the unintended effect of creating. In 1. 98. 7. the Canadian federal government announced . Canada's Drug Strategy (CDS) gave a means to address substance. The new drug strategy. This move was clearly influenced. American . Canada's Drug Strategy. April 1. 99. 2 and was then. Considered to no longer be. The RCMP drug- related budget was cut. The Policy and Research Unit of the. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, which had begun to research and document. Drug Strategy. With the introduction of a new drug law in the 1. The. new law, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, however, is soundly. The problems. related to criminalizing drug users, the social and economic costs of this. As a result, the costs, both financial and human, of licit drug. Drug Use in Canada. Summary. Alcohol and tobacco are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in Canada. By far the most direct harms from licit. Natives (obviously many of these groups. The indirect harms and costs of illicit drugs by far outweigh. Nature and patterns of drug use. Alcohol. Results of the Canadian Alcohol and Other Drug Survey (1. Canadians- -report. Approximately one quarter of current. Young adults, males and those with. Canadians. The majority of smokers (5. By the age of 1. 9, 7. Inuit youth, 6. 3% of Dene. Metis youth and 4. Canadian Arctic are. Prevalence rates for use of chewing tobacco and snuff. Dene and Metis groups, with children as young as five reporting. For example, physicians merge the diagnostic. In addition, the. The use of most licit and illicit drugs is quite unlike that of. Sales of prescription. This data base is limited both in terms of scope and quality. Licit Drugs. Information about prescription drugs is available from industry- based. Canada. Surveys are another source of information. The information about licit drugs contained in this. Canadian Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Bureau of Drug Surveillance diversion statistics. Canadian Centre for Health Information; causes of. Statistics Canada. More women than. men use these medications (2. There is a wide range in levels. Use is. highest in people 1. Use. is highest among those with the lowest income. Regionally, the highest. BC (2. 1%) and lowest in Quebec (7%). Use increases with age, with 7. More women (5. 5%). Regionally, sleeping pills are used. PEI (6%) and least in Newfoundland (2. Regionally, tranquilizers. Quebec (7%) and least in Alberta (3. They are. used more often by people aged 4. Regionally, antidepressants. Nova Scotia (4%) and least in Ontario (2%). Use is highest among those aged 2. New Brunswick and Alberta (1. Solvents. glues and inhalants are used by youth and street people who are not reached. Canadians. contacted in the 1. At some. point in their lives, 2. Canadians have used one or more of the following. LSD, speed/amphetamines, heroin. Just over 2. 3% of Canadians report having used cannabis. Current use is around 7. Twice as many males (1. The number of current users (in the past 1. More males (1. 5%) than females (0. The proportion of Canadians who have used these drugs at least. Use of cannabis increased from 4. LSD, speed or heroin increased. There are no recent national. Of these, 4. 1% reported sharing needles at some time in their. These numbers are clearly underestimates. As mentioned above, the. Further, the frequently. These populations- at- risk range. Indigenous patters of violent. Accidental death rates are sometimes. In Alberta, Indigenous risk was found to be. A similar pattern has been found in Saskatchewan. BC. Men are much more likely to die violently than are women. This. is not because Indigenous females are less likely to use alcohol and other. The. majority (7. Aboriginal Canadians smoke tobacco; half of those. The data cannot explain whether alcohol and other drug misuse. Researchers note that alcohol. BC. The existing. The majority of children identified as. One 1. 99. 1 report suggests. Alberta have problems with alcohol. Native people are also greatly overrepresented in the. Liquor Control Act (LCA) convictions. LCA violations, compared. One study, by Alberta. Among key. Two- thirds of natives who met unnatural deaths were drinking prior to death. By most accounts, FAS incidence. Indigenous Canadians. Conservative estimates.
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